SPL PPL CPL EXAMS

In Air Law you will learn about all the rules of aviation that have to be followed; Whether you are on a plane or at the airport. There are various regulatory bodies which make rules in aviation and they have to be strictly followed. ICAO is the international civil aviation organization that makes standards and recommended practices (SARPs) in the civil aviation industry.

The airframe is a basic structure of an aircraft designed to withstand all aerodynamic forces as well as stresses. This does not include its powerplant and instrumentation; Its main components are the wings, fuselage and landing gear.

Airframe systems are required for an aircraft to operate efficiently and safely, their complexity varying with the type of aircraft. It includes flight control system, landing gear, hydraulic system, electrical system, fuel system and fire protection system etc.

The power plant provides mechanical force to power the aircraft and associated accessories necessary for flight.

Instrumentation is a collective term for measuring instruments that are used for indicating, measuring and recording physical quantities.

Instruments in the cockpit of an aircraft are flight instruments that provide the pilot with data about the flight situation of aircraft, such as altitude, airspeed, vertical speed, heading and much more other crucial information in flight.

Mass and balance are an important factor in an aircraft’s performance and stability under various operating conditions. The mass of an aircraft and the location of its center of gravity are vital information required before commencement of any flight.

This subject discusses the factors that affect aircraft performance, which include the aircraft weight, atmospheric conditions, runway environment, and the fundamental physical laws governing the forces acting on an aircraft.

Airplane performance can be divided into two general categories. The first is airworthiness standards, for which compliance demonstration is under the responsibility of the airplane manufacturer or type certificate holder. The other is operating standards which must be complied with by the airplane operator.

Flight planning is the process of producing a flight plan to describe a proposed aircraft flight. Flight planning includes – Preflight Preparation; NOTAM Briefing; Ground Facilities and Servicing; Departure, destination and alternate aerodromes; Airway routings and Airspace structure; Meteorological Briefing; and Decision-point procedure etc.

Flight monitoring is the observation and interpretation of the flight path data, aircraft-configuration status, automation modes and on-board systems appropriate to the phase of flight.

This subject discusses the factors that affect helicopter performance, which include the weight, atmospheric conditions, and the fundamental physical laws governing the forces acting on an aircraft. The performance of helicopter depends on the airworthiness standards and operating standards.

The study of Human Factors is about understanding human behavior and performance. When applied to aviation operations, Human Factors knowledge is used to optimize the fit between people and the systems in which they work in order to improve safety and performance. Human Performance represents the human contribution to system performance and refers to how people perform their work.

The study of the atmosphere is called meteorology that focuses on weather processes and forecasting. Meteorology is the science dealing with the atmosphere and its phenomena, including both weather and climate.

General navigation involves the process of planning, recording, and controlling the movement of an aircraft from one place to another. The techniques used for navigation in the air will depend on whether the aircraft is flying under visual flight rules (VFR) or instrument flight rules (IFR).

Radio navigation is the application of radio frequencies to determine a position of an object on the Earth, either the vessel or an obstruction. Radio navigation aids include mainly by reference to indications of bearing and distance indicated on VOR, DME and ADF equipment located on the aircraft. This information is derived from ground radio beacons (VOR, DME and NDBs or broadcast stations).

All aircraft operations are conducted in accordance with all applicable local and national laws, and manufacturers’ aircraft limitations. Airlines use SPOs, Standard Operating Procedures that provide a flight crew with a step by step guide to effectively and safely carry out operations.

The principles of flight are aerodynamics which deals with the motion of the air and the forces acting on the aircraft. There are four forces acting on an airplane at all times while an airplane is flying – lift, weight, thrust and drag. For flight, an aircraft’s lift must balance its weight, and its thrust must exceed its drag.

This subject discusses aerodynamic fundamentals and principles as they apply to helicopters. The content relates to flight operations and performance of normal flight tasks. It covers theory and application of aerodynamics for the pilot, whether in flight training or general flight operations.

This topic discusses the way of communication between pilots, aviation personnel, and air traffic controllers. This includes transmission and reception techniques, standard words and phrases used in communication, data link messaging, distress and urgency communication procedures.